What Causes Dogs to Have Fits

If your dog has experienced a seizure or fit, it’s understandably distressing for both you and your pet. While seizures in dogs are not uncommon, understanding the underlying causes can help you make informed decisions about treatment and management. In this article, we’ll explore the different reasons why dogs have fits, what to do during and after a seizure, and when to seek veterinary help.

What Are Seizures in Dogs?

A seizure, or fit, is an episode of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain, which can cause a variety of symptoms in dogs. These symptoms may range from mild twitching to full-body convulsions, depending on the severity and type of seizure.

Types of Seizures in Dogs

1. Generalized Seizures: These affect the entire body and are often characterized by intense shaking or jerking movements. This is the most common type of seizure in dogs.

2. Focal Seizures: These involve only part of the dog’s body, like a twitching paw or facial muscle. They may not involve loss of consciousness.

3. Partial Seizures: A partial seizure is similar to focal, but it may involve more areas of the dog’s body and affect consciousness slightly.

Signs and Symptoms of Dogs Have Fits

Recognizing the signs of a seizure is crucial to help your dog through the event and get them the care they need.

• Aura Before the Seizure

Some dogs show signs before a seizure happens, often called an "aura." These can include restlessness, barking, hiding, or licking their lips.

• During the Seizure

During a seizure, dogs may collapse and begin shaking or jerking uncontrollably. They may lose consciousness and may even lose control of their bladder or bowels.

• After the Seizure (Postictal Phase)

After a seizure, dogs often experience confusion, weakness, or even temporary blindness. This phase, called the postictal phase, can last anywhere from a few minutes to several hours, depending on the dog.

What Causes Seizures in Dogs?

Seizures in dogs can be a frightening experience for pet owners. Understanding the underlying causes of seizures is crucial for effective management and treatment. In this article, we will explore the various factors that can trigger seizures in dogs.

1.Genetic Predisposition

Some dog breeds are more prone to seizures due to genetic factors. Breeds such as Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, German Shepherds, and Beagles have a higher incidence of epilepsy, a common cause of seizures. Inherited mutations can lead to abnormal electrical activity in the brain, resulting in seizures.

2.Metabolic Disorders

Metabolic imbalances can also cause seizures in dogs. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), for example, can trigger seizures, especially in small dog breeds. Liver disease, which affects the body's ability to metabolize toxins, can also lead to seizures. Additionally, electrolyte imbalances, such as low calcium or high sodium levels, can disrupt normal brain function and cause seizures.

3.Brain Infections and Inflammation

Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis can inflame the brain and lead to seizures. Viral, bacterial, or fungal infections can all cause inflammation in the brain tissue, disrupting normal neuronal activity. Parasitic infections, such as those caused by Toxoplasma gondii or Neospora caninum, can also affect the brain and trigger seizures.

Related: Brain Tumor in Dogs​

4.Head Trauma

Injury to the head can cause seizures in dogs. A blow to the head or a fall can result in brain damage, leading to abnormal electrical discharges and seizures. Traumatic brain injuries can be caused by accidents, such as being hit by a car or falling from a height.

5.Toxic Substances

Ingestion of toxic substances can cause seizures in dogs. Common toxins include chocolate, which contains theobromine, a stimulant that can affect the nervous system. Other toxins such as rat poison, certain plants (e.g., lilies, azaleas), and household chemicals can also be harmful. Additionally, medications intended for humans, such as antidepressants or painkillers, can be toxic to dogs and cause seizures if ingested.

6.Idiopathic Epilepsy

In some cases, seizures in dogs have no identifiable cause. Idiopathic epilepsy is a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning that all other possible causes have been ruled out. It is believed to be a genetic disorder, but the exact cause remains unknown. Idiopathic epilepsy is more common in certain breeds and typically begins between 6 months and 3 years of age.

7.Other Factors

Other factors that can contribute to seizures in dogs include tumors in the brain, strokes, and degenerative brain diseases such as canine cognitive dysfunction. Additionally, high fever, extreme stress, or exposure to certain environmental factors (e.g., loud noises, flashing lights) can trigger seizures in susceptible dogs.

How to Treat Epilepsy in Dogs?

I. Seek medical diagnosis

• Choosing the right veterinarian

The first thing you need to do when you notice symptoms of epilepsy in your dog is to find an experienced veterinarian. You can choose a specialised pet hospital or ask other friends who have dogs for a reputable veterinarian. For example, some large chain pet hospitals usually have a team of specialised veterinarians who may be more experienced in dealing with complex conditions such as epilepsy in dogs.

• Comprehensive Examination

The vet will conduct a thorough physical examination of the dog, including physical appearance check, temperature measurement, heartbeat and breathing check. In addition, blood tests will be performed to detect the presence of metabolic disorders, such as normal blood sugar, blood calcium, liver function and other indicators. For example, hypoglycaemia may be one of the causes of seizures in dogs, and if the blood sugar is too low, appropriate measures will need to be taken to correct it. Brain tests such as CT or MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) of the brain may also be performed, which can help to detect the presence of tumours, structural abnormalities or inflammation in the brain.

II. Treatment

• Medication

The most common is phenobarbital, which is the first line of medication for treating epilepsy in dogs. Your vet will determine the appropriate dosage based on your dog's weight, age and severity of the condition. For example, for a small dog weighing 5kg, the initial dose might be 15 - 20mg every 12 hours. During administration, the dog's reaction needs to be closely monitored as there may be some side effects such as lethargy and loss of appetite.

Potassium bromide is also a commonly used antiepileptic drug, especially in dogs that do not respond well to phenobarbital. Its use requires precise dosage control and regular testing of the bromide ion concentration in the blood during administration to ensure that it is within a safe and effective range.

Medicines for Epilepsy -Tablets

Antiseizure; status epilepticus; convulsion; spasm

View Product

• Medication Adjustments

Regular review is required while your dog is on anti-epileptic medication. If seizures remain frequent, the veterinarian may adjust the medication dose or change the medication. Generally, medication adjustments need to be made gradually to avoid sudden changes in dosage that could cause your dog to become unwell. For example, if the dose of phenobarbital is to be increased, each increase should not be more than 10 - 20% of the original dose and should be observed for a period of time before deciding whether to continue the adjustment.

• Dietary Management

If the dog's epilepsy is caused by a metabolic problem, such as liver disease or hypoglycaemia, a special diet may be required. For example, for dogs with liver problems, a low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet can be chosen to reduce the burden on the liver. For dogs that are prone to hypoglycaemia, you can increase the frequency of feeding and use smaller meals to keep blood sugar stable.

• Nutritional Supplements

Certain nutritional supplements may be helpful for dogs with epilepsy. For example, Omega - 3 fatty acids have some anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Supplements containing fish oil can be added to your dog on the advice of your veterinarian. In addition, B vitamins are important for the normal functioning of the nervous system. If your dog is deficient in B vitamins, it may affect the effectiveness of epilepsy treatment and can be supplemented in moderation.

III. Life Care

• Safe environment

To create a safe living environment for the dog. Since the dog may lose consciousness and convulse during seizures, avoid sharp objects or high places around. You can set up your dog's activity area in a relatively soft and flat place, such as putting thick mats on his resting place. For example, if the dog is often indoors, arrange furniture such as tables and chairs neatly to avoid bumping and injuring the dog during a seizure.

• Handling during a seizure

Don't panic when your dog has a seizure. Don't forcefully hold your dog down or put something in its mouth, as this may cause it to injure itself or bite itself. You can remove any dangerous objects from the surrounding area and then stay quietly by your dog's side until the seizure is over. After the seizure is over, if your dog seems weak or confused, you can gently reassure him and offer him some water, but do not force him to eat immediately.

• Daily Records

It is important to keep a record of your dog's seizures. This includes the time, frequency, duration, and symptoms of the seizure (e.g., any foaming at the mouth, specifics of limb twitching, etc.). These records can help your veterinarian better understand your dog's condition and adjust the treatment plan. For example, if you find that the frequency of seizures gradually increases or the symptoms of seizures change, inform your veterinarian promptly so that he or she can make an accurate judgement.

FAQs

Should I worry if my dog had a seizure?

Conclusion

Seizures in dogs can be distressing, but with the right knowledge and care, many dogs live comfortable lives despite their condition. Whether due to epilepsy, brain disorders, or other causes, understanding the cause and symptoms of seizures is crucial for treatment. If your dog experiences fits, it’s always important to consult your veterinarian to determine the best course of action.