What Causes Diabetes in Dogs

Diabetes in dogs, specifically diabetes mellitus, is a chronic condition that affects how the body regulates blood sugar (glucose). When a dog has diabetes, their body either doesn’t produce enough insulin or can’t effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar, and when it's not functioning properly, glucose builds up in the bloodstream. Understanding what causes diabetes in dogs can help you manage, prevent, or treat the condition. This article will explore the causes, risk factors, and preventative measures for canine diabetes.

Types of Diabetes in Dogs

There are two primary types of diabetes that affect dogs:

• Type 1 (Insulin-Dependent Diabetes): This occurs when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin. This is the most common form of diabetes in dogs and usually requires insulin injections for treatment.
• Type 2 (Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes): This occurs when the body produces insulin but can’t use it effectively. This form is more common in humans but less frequent in dogs.

What are the Early Symptoms of Diabetes in Dogs?

1. Excessive thirst (irritable thirst) and increased water intake.
2. Increased urination and may have frequent requests to go outside or urinate anywhere in the house.
3. Increased appetite but continued weight loss.
4. Hair may become dull.
5. Eyes may appear cloudy, an early sign of cataracts.
6. Mental depression, easy fatigue, and decreased activity.
7. In some cases, the dog may vomit for no apparent reason.

If your dog shows any of these symptoms, it is advisable to take him to the veterinarian for an examination and diagnosis. 

What Causes Diabetes in Dogs?

1. Genetics and Breed Predisposition

Certain dog breeds have a genetic predisposition to developing diabetes. These breeds include:

1. Miniature Schnauzers
2. Poodles
3. Samoyeds
4. Dachshunds
5. Beagles
6. Australian Terriers

If your dog belongs to one of these breeds, they may be at a higher risk of developing diabetes due to hereditary factors.

2. Obesity

Obesity is one of the leading causes of Type 2 diabetes in both humans and dogs. Excess body fat causes insulin resistance, meaning the body can’t use insulin properly. This leads to elevated blood sugar levels. Maintaining a healthy weight through proper diet and regular exercise is crucial for reducing the risk of diabetes.

Insulin Resistance: Obesity leads to an increase in adipose tissue in the dog's body, and these fat cells have a weakened response to insulin, requiring more insulin to effectively lower blood glucose, leading to the development of insulin resistance. 

Decline in pancreatic function: Long-term insulin resistance can cause pancreatic beta cells to work excessively, which may ultimately lead to pancreatic failure and a decrease in insulin secretion, a key factor in the development of diabetes. 

Metabolic disorders: the metabolism of obese dogs can become disturbed, with glucose utilization and metabolism becoming less efficient, further exacerbating the difficulty of glycemic control. 

Increased risk of complications: Diabetic dogs with concomitant obesity are at increased risk of developing complications such as heart disease, liver disease, etc., which can further affect the dog's overall health and quality of life. 

3. Pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas, can damage insulin-producing cells. This damage may lead to diabetes over time. Pancreatitis is often caused by a high-fat diet, so feeding your dog a balanced, low-fat diet can help prevent this condition.

Related:  Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Dogs

4. Hormonal Imbalances

Certain hormonal conditions can increase a dog’s risk of diabetes, such as:

• Cushing’s disease: Causes an overproduction of cortisol, which can interfere with insulin production.
• Hypothyroidism: Reduces metabolic functions, which may lead to obesity and increase the risk of diabetes.

5. Age

Older dogs are more prone to developing diabetes, as their bodies become less efficient at regulating blood sugar. Diabetes is more common in dogs over the age of seven. Senior dogs should have regular vet checkups to monitor their overall health, including blood sugar levels.

What is the Treatment for Diabetes in Dogs?

• Dietary management

Provide low-carbohydrate, high-protein food and ensure regular feeding to help stabilize blood glucose levels. 

• Insulin Treatment

Choose the right type of insulin for your dog's condition, such as rapid-acting, intermediate-acting or long-acting insulin, and administer it subcutaneously. 

• Oral hypoglycemic agents

In some cases, oral hypoglycemic agents such as chlorosulfopropamide may be used, but this is usually limited to sick dogs with glycemic control of no more than 200 mg per 100 mL and without ketonemia. 

• Exercise therapy

Regular physical activity can help improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood glucose, but strenuous exercise immediately after insulin injection should be avoided. 

• Monitoring Blood Sugar

Regularly monitor your dog's blood sugar levels to adjust the treatment plan. 

Treating diabetes in dogs requires the guidance of a veterinarian to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the treatment program.

What to Look for When Using Insulin Therapy for Dogs?

There are several key points to keep in mind when treating your dog with insulin.

• Accuracy of injection time and dose

The timing of the injection should be determined based on the dog's blood glucose profile and the insulin's expiration time to ensure the effectiveness of the insulin. Dosage should be adjusted by your veterinarian based on your dog's weight, blood glucose level and response, and be consistent. 

• Injection Techniques

Insulin is usually injected subcutaneously, either into the skin of the neck or hind legs. The skin should be pinched to form a crease before injection to avoid injecting into the muscle. The injection site should be gently rubbed after injection to help the insulin absorb. 

• Monitoring Blood Sugar

At the beginning of treatment, it may take a few days for your dog to adjust to the change in insulin dose. Blood glucose levels should be monitored regularly, especially after dose adjustments or dietary changes, to ensure that blood glucose control is within the desired range. 

• Storage of medication

Unopened insulin should be kept in the refrigerator and used at room temperature after opening, and the expiration date should be observed. Insulin in ice may be damaged and should not be injected directly. 

• Guidance from your veterinarian

Follow your veterinarian's instructions throughout the course of treatment and consult your veterinarian if you have any questions or if your dog reacts abnormally.

The above precautions will help ensure the safety and effectiveness of your dog's treatment with insulin.

How to Adjust My Dog's Diet When He Has Diabetes?

When a dog has diabetes, dietary modifications are an important part of managing the condition. Here are some suggestions for dietary adjustments.

Choose high-quality protein

High-quality, highly digestible, low-fat proteins should be provided to help maintain muscle mass and provide a steady source of energy.

Regular feeding times

Regular feeding times should be established and ensure that the amount of food is moderate to avoid drastic fluctuations in blood sugar levels.

Use Prescription Foods

Consider using prescription foods designed for diabetic dogs, which often have been adjusted with nutrients to help stabilize blood sugar levels.

Stay hydrated

Diabetic dogs may increase the amount of water they drink, so make sure fresh drinking water is available at all times.

Monitor Blood Sugar Response

After dietary adjustments are made, your dog's blood sugar response should be monitored to ensure that the adjustments made are effective for blood sugar control.

These dietary adjustments can help diabetic dogs better manage their condition, reduce blood sugar fluctuations, and improve quality of life. Before implementing any dietary changes, a veterinarian should be consulted for an individualized diet plan and recommendations.

How to Prevent Diabetes in Dogs?

• Regular Physical Examinations

Diseases that may increase the risk of diabetes, such as Cushing's disease and pancreatitis, can be detected early through regular physical exams and blood tests. 

• Weight control

Obesity is a risk factor for diabetes, so it is vital to maintain a healthy weight in your dog. Weight should be controlled through proper diet and regular exercise. 

• Regular Exercise

Proper exercise can help regulate blood sugar levels, boost immunity and reduce the incidence of diabetes. 

• Spaying and Neutering

Especially for female dogs, spaying and neutering can reduce the risk of diabetes and other health problems. 

Also Read: Warning Signs after Spaying Dog

• Avoid High Sugar Foods

Don't feed your dog high-sugar foods, as this can cause a rapid rise in blood sugar. 

• Eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables

The natural sugars in fresh fruits and vegetables will not cause your dog's blood sugar to spike and can be part of your dog's diet. 

By doing the above, you can effectively reduce your dog's risk of developing diabetes and maintain his overall health.

How to Manage Hypoglycemia Symptoms in Diabetic Dogs While Exercising?

When a diabetic dog experiences symptoms of hypoglycemia while exercising, the following steps should be taken immediately.

• Stop Exercise

First, all exercise activities should be stopped immediately to reduce energy expenditure and help stabilize blood sugar levels.

• Provide quick sugars

Offer your dog some fast-absorbing carbohydrates, such as glucose tablets, honey, or special candy bars for diabetic dogs. These treats can quickly boost blood sugar levels.

• Monitor the blood sugar response

After providing sugar, your dog's blood sugar response should be closely monitored to ensure that blood sugar levels are back in a safe range.

• Handling Emergencies

If your dog does not improve after sugar is provided, or if he develops serious symptoms such as unconsciousness, you should contact your veterinarian or seek emergency medical help immediately.

Before and after exercise, make sure your dog's blood glucose levels are in a safe range and adjust the exercise program and insulin dosage according to your veterinarian's recommendations. In addition, dogs should always be supervised by their owners while exercising and carry sugary treats and emergency contact information with them. 

FAQs

Conclusion

Diabetes in dogs can result from genetic factors, obesity, pancreatitis, hormonal imbalances, and certain medications. While some causes are beyond your control, maintaining a healthy weight, providing proper nutrition, and regular vet checkups can reduce the risk of diabetes. Being proactive in your dog’s health can help prevent diabetes and ensure a longer, healthier life.

Also Read: How To Care For a Diabetic Senior Cat At Home?