The Root Causes of Lymphoma in Dogs

Jan 04,2025 | puaintapets

Lymphoma in dogs is a form of cancer that originates in the lymphocytes, which are the white blood cells responsible for fighting infection. It is one of the most common cancers in dogs, particularly affecting middle-aged to older dogs. While lymphoma is a well-known diagnosis among pet owners and veterinarians, understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatments can help in managing the disease effectively. In this article, we will explore what causes lymphoma in dogs, the risk factors involved, its symptoms, and available treatment options.

lymphoma in dogs

What is Lymphoma in Dogs?

Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, a part of the immune system that helps to fight infections. The lymphatic system consists of lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow, among other tissues. Lymphoma can develop in these areas, causing abnormal growth of lymphocytes. There are two primary forms of lymphoma in dogs:

Multicentric Lymphoma – The most common form, affecting multiple lymph nodes throughout the body.
Alimentary Lymphoma – This form affects the gastrointestinal tract, often leading to symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss.

What Causes Lymphoma In Dogs?

The causes of lymphoma in dogs may include the following.

1. Genetic factors

Certain breeds of dogs are more likely to develop lymphoma, suggesting that genetics and family history may play a role in the development of the disease. For example, breeds such as Beagles, Doberman Pinschers, and Golden Retrievers are more likely to develop lymphoma.

2. Immune system abnormalities

Abnormalities in the immune system may increase a dog's risk of developing lymphoma. For example, immune system dysplasia or mutations in certain immune-related genes may increase the chance of lymphoma.

3. Environment and Exposure

Exposure to certain carcinogens and environmental pollutants may increase the risk of lymphoma. These substances include pesticides, chemicals, viruses or radiation.

4. Infectious factors

Infections in dogs with microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses or fungi can cause swelling and pain in the lymph nodes, and long-term infections may trigger lymphoma.

5. Parasitic infections

Certain parasitic infections, such as heartworm and toxoplasma gondii, may also lead to enlarged lymph nodes, which in turn may lead to lymphoma.

Related: Dog Life Expectancy after Heartworm Treatment

6. Age factor

The risk of lymphoma increases with age, and older dogs are much more likely to develop lymphoma than younger dogs.

7. Other factors

Dogs in heat or suffering from chronic illnesses are conditions that can worsen the dog's condition even more.

It is important to note that the above factors are not absolute and each dog's specific situation may vary. If your dog shows any abnormal symptoms, it is recommended to take it to the veterinarian for a timely checkup so that the problem can be detected as early as possible and appropriate treatment measures can be taken.

Lymphoma in Dogs

Symptoms of Lymphoma in Dogs

Recognizing the signs of lymphoma early on can improve the chances of successful treatment. The symptoms may vary depending on the type and location of lymphoma, but some common signs include:

Swollen Lymph Nodes

One of the first noticeable symptoms of lymphoma is swelling of the lymph nodes, particularly around the neck, armpits, and groin. These swollen lymph nodes are often painless but can grow larger over time.

Weight Loss and Lack of Appetite

Lymphoma can affect a dog’s ability to eat and digest food, leading to weight loss and a reduced appetite. If your dog is eating less or losing weight without explanation, it may be a sign of lymphoma.

Fatigue and Lethargy

Dogs with lymphoma often become more tired or lethargic. They may show little interest in activities they once enjoyed, such as playing or walking. If your dog seems unusually tired, it may be worth consulting a vet.

Vomiting and Diarrhea

For dogs with alimentary lymphoma, you might notice vomiting or diarrhea due to the involvement of the gastrointestinal system. This is often accompanied by weight loss.

Also Read: Causes and Prevention of Vomiting and Diarrhea in Dogs

Diagnosis of Lymphoma in Dogs

If you suspect your dog may have lymphoma, it’s crucial to consult a veterinarian. The diagnosis typically involves:

Physical Examination and History

Your vet will perform a thorough physical examination and take a detailed medical history. They will check for signs like swollen lymph nodes and look for any other symptoms that may indicate lymphoma.

Biopsy and Fine Needle Aspiration

To confirm lymphoma, a biopsy or fine needle aspiration of the swollen lymph nodes is often required. These procedures allow the vet to collect a tissue sample to examine for cancerous cells.

Blood Tests and Imaging

Blood tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC), can help assess the overall health of your dog. Imaging tests like X-rays or ultrasound may also be used to check for internal organ involvement.

lymphoma in dogs

What to Do if Your Dog Has Lymphoma？

Treatment for lymphoma in dogs depends on the type, stage, and location of the disease. The most common treatments include:

Chemotherapy for Dogs

Chemotherapy is the most effective treatment for most types of lymphoma in dogs. Chemotherapy drugs can help kill cancerous cells and shrink tumors, extending your dog’s life.

Radiation Therapy

In some cases, radiation therapy may be used to target localized tumors. It is often used in conjunction with chemotherapy to treat lymphoma.

Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy

Emerging treatments like immunotherapy and targeted therapy are becoming more popular in treating lymphoma. These treatments aim to stimulate the immune system or specifically target cancer cells without harming healthy cells.

Palliative Care

If lymphoma is diagnosed in its advanced stages, palliative care may be offered to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. This includes pain management, anti-nausea medications, and nutritional support.